Working papers
Working Paper 118
Using foresight to think and act upon an uncertain future world of work
This working paper explores how trade unions worldwide are adapting to transformations in the world of work through strategic foresight. Documenting experiences from 2019-2023, it offers examples and lessons from foresight workshops conducted...
ILO Working paper 117
Women and aviation: Quality jobs, attraction and retention
This paper includes information on some of the current issues faced by women in civil aviation. Through a sectoral gender lens, it examines employment, women’s career cycles and the main decent work opportunities and challenges in the sector. It...
ILO Working Paper 116
Addressing gender-based violence and harassment in a work health and safety framework
This report looks at the implications of addressing gender-based violence and harassment (GBVH) under a work health and safety (WHS) framework.
Labour market reintegration of return migrant workers and former refugees in origin countries: Concepts and definitions
Research Paper No.20
The effects of automation in the apparel and footwear industries and their gender dimensions: Indonesia case study
ILO Working Paper 115
Imbalances between supply and demand Recent causes of labour shortages in advanced economies
ILO Working paper 114
Institutional and labour relations regimes promoting decent working conditions for Local and Regional Government (LRG) Workers in Croatia,...
This publication presents a comparative analysis of the Local and Regional Government (LRG) sector workforce in five European countries: Croatia, Germany, Greece, Spain, and Sweden.
ILO Working paper 113
Financing gap for universal social protection: Global, regional and national estimates and strategies for creating fiscal space
ILO Working paper 112
New technologies, e-government and informality
This working paper studies the complex relationship between technology adoption and informality, leveraging recent cross-country data to analyse the effects of mobile phone subscriptions, internet access, automation and e-government on informal...
ILO Working paper 111
Intergenerational trends in educational and income mobility in the United States of America since the 1960s
This paper examines the evolution of educational and income mobility in the US since the 1960s, showing increased upward mobility for low-income individuals and decreased downward mobility for children of college graduates, highlighting the role of...
ILO Working paper 110
Measuring labour market transitions of youths in Thailand: Evidence from rotation groups (2012–21) in the Labour Force Surveys
This study analysed data covering a full decade of Thai economic activity. It is critical to recognize just how much has changed in the country over the intervening decade. Demographic change has resulted in overall population decline as well as a...
ILO Working paper 109
Working conditions of subnational government workers in selected African countries
This report provides a comprehensive evaluation of the institutional and labour relations regimes in six African countries: Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, and South Africa with a special emphasis on promoting decent working conditions...
ILO Working Paper 103
New Forms of Employment and Labour Protection in China
The objective of this paper is to provide a panoramic description and analysis of the diversity of the new forms of employment that have been emerging in China, with the focus on their background, the main types, the status quo of labour rights...
ILO Working paper 108
Youth employment policies: Patterns and trends in two unique data sets
Youth employment challenges are always a critical concern for policymakers. There is recurring and mounting evidence that labour market challenges, such as unemployment, informality, lack of social protection and inactivity, disproportionately...
ILO Working paper 105
What Is Driving Wealth Inequality in the United States of America? – The Role of Productivity, Taxation and Skills
This paper assesses the drivers of wealth inequality. While inequality between skilled and unskilled workers is due to differences in educational attainment, within-group inequality is due to differences in productivity across firms. Workers in more...
ILO Working paper 105
What Is Driving Wealth Inequality in the United States of America? - The Role of Productivity, Taxation and Skills (mobi)
This paper assesses the drivers of wealth inequality. While inequality between skilled and unskilled workers is due to differences in educational attainment, within-group inequality is due to differences in productivity across firms. Workers in more...
ILO Working paper 105
What Is Driving Wealth Inequality in the United States of America? - The Role of Productivity, Taxation and Skills (epub)
This paper assesses the drivers of wealth inequality. While inequality between skilled and unskilled workers is due to differences in educational attainment, within-group inequality is due to differences in productivity across firms. Workers in more...
ILO Working paper 107
Employment and wage disparities between rural and urban areas (epub)
This study uses household survey data from 58 countries around the world to compare the labour market outcomes of rural and urban workers, taking into account the specific socio-demographic characteristics of rural populations. It also provides an...
ILO Working paper 107
Employment and wage disparities between rural and urban areas
This study uses household survey data from 58 countries around the world to compare the labour market outcomes of rural and urban workers, taking into account the specific socio-demographic characteristics of rural populations. It also provides an...
ILO Working paper 107
Employment and wage disparities between rural and urban areas (mobi)
This study uses household survey data from 58 countries around the world to compare the labour market outcomes of rural and urban workers, taking into account the specific socio-demographic characteristics of rural populations. It also provides an...
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